Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. [41], Jahangir (born Salim,[47] reigned 1605–1627) was born to Akbar and his wife Mariam-uz-Zamani, an Indian Rajput princess. Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari River. The instruments he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy, while the computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy.[144][145]. Geared sugar rolling mills first appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as worm gearing, by the 17th century. The Mughal Empire, Mogul or Moghul Empire, was an early modern empire in South Asia. [138], Fathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi gun shot. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. [54], Since the 1970s historians have taken multiple approaches to the decline, with little consensus on which factor was dominant. A Marxist school (led by Irfan Habib and based at Aligarh Muslim University) emphasises excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime. [67] The currency was initially 48 dams to a single rupee in the beginning of Akbar's reign, before it later became 38 dams to a rupee in the 1580s, with the dam's value rising further in the 17th century as a result of new industrial uses for copper, such as in bronze cannons and brass utensils. Bahadur Shah Zafar or Bahadur Shah II (Persian: بهادرشاه ظفر‎) (born as Mirza Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din Muhammad) (24 October 1775 – 7 November 1862) was the last Mughal emperor. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[20] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. Most of the empire's territories in India passed to the y c. 1750. [76] That could be comparable to advance part of Europe. [69] The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb, whose 1665 firman edict stated: "the entire elevated attention and desires of the Emperor are devoted to the increase in the population and cultivation of the Empire and the welfare of the whole peasantry and the entire people. But as noted above, Akbar laid the rela and great foundation of Mughal Empire. The far-off Indian campaign of Nadir Shah, who had previously reestablished Iranian suzerainty over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the Sack of Delhi and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige. Mughal troops now moved south of the Vindhya Range into the Deccan. BRAIN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSIGNMENT CLASS VII NOV’20 HISTORY CH4-THE MUGHAL EMPIRE Q1. Hyder Ali's father Fatah Muhammad the constable at Budikote, commanded a corps consisting of 50 rocketmen (Cushoon) for the Nawab of Arcot. [20] Later emperors gradually moved away from these policies in attempts to create a more orthodox Muslim state. [41] The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India. [41] Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule, and kept Shah Jahan imprisoned until his death in 1666. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[20] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. [63] Indian goods, especially those from Bengal, were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets, such as Indonesia and Japan. Some said rose, from whose petals were distilled the precious itr, others, the lotus, glory of every Indian village. "However, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty sank into chaos and violent feuds. The Moghul Empire, also known as the Mughal Empire or the Moguls were an imperial power in the subcontinent of India. CBSE Assignment on The Mughal Empire for Class 7 History. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The province was a leading producer of grains, salt, fruits, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments. While slavery also existed, it was limited largely to household servants. The Mughal Empire Class 7 Extra Questions Social Science History Chapter 4 NCERT Extra Questions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire Prelude Question 1. [85] Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650. Through the Government of India Act 1858 the British Crown assumed direct control of East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new British Raj. 1) The Mughal Empire was located at Letter ____ 2) The Safavid Empire was Mughal empire by Pulkit Singh 1. Free【 Essay on Mughal Empire 】- use this essays as a template to follow while writing your own paper. After a crushing defeat in the war of 1857–1858 which he nominally led, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. It may be considered a version of a volley gun. After 150 years of rule by Mughal viceroys, Bengal gained semi-independence as a dominion under the Nawab of Bengal in 1717. In the royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. Babur had employed Ottoman expert Ustad Ali Quli, who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formation—artillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the center and the mounted archers on both wings. Hyder Ali realised the importance of rockets and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets. [59], The worm gear roller cotton gin, which was invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire sometime around the 16th century,[86] and is still used in India through to the present day. He increased trade with European trading companies. Centralized imperial rule that consolidated the smaller polities of South Asia. It was through him that the infant Mughal Empire grew into the greatest Empire ever seen in India. [citation needed] The Mughals spoke what later became known as Urdu,[133] and by the year 1700, the Mughals had formalized the language. He was also a notable writer who described the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the glories of the Mughal Empire. [citation needed] But, according to Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. [140], In the sixteenth century, Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans, particularly against war elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal. [101] The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms, including the modern Bengali calendar. [89] In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some woolens, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. [127] Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy. [100] Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. [8] Sugar mills appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era. An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a flushed deck design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in hulls that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped deck design. [84] While the average peasant across the world was only skilled in growing very few crops, the average Indian peasant was skilled in growing a wide variety of food and non-food crops, increasing their productivity. [12] This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb,[13][14] during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. As the empire began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many subahs became effectively independent, or were conquered by the Marathas or the British. Why was it extremely difficult to rule over the Indian subcontinent? The introduction of sophisticated Iranian-style waterworks and horticulture through, Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India. [109] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[109] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people, Lahore (in Lahore Subah) with up to 700,000 people,[114] Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people,[115] and Delhi (in Delhi Subah) with over 600,000 people. [83] Bengal was later described as the Paradise of Nations by Mughal emperors. [41] Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. [97] He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal. [63] The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th–18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto-industrialization, similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. But Birbal said, “The cotton boll”. The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. [86], According to economic historian Immanuel Wallerstein, citing evidence from Irfan Habib, Percival Spear, and Ashok Desai, per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century Mughal India were probably higher than in 17th-century Europe and certainly higher than early 20th-century British India. [40], The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and from Genghis Khan on his mother's side. The Mughal Emperors lost effective power in favor of the British after the 64.1804, the ineffective ormally accepted the protection of th The company had already begun to refer to the weakened emperor as "King of Delhi", rather than "Emperor of India". The perfume of your fame far exceeds the scent of roses and jasmine. Akbar played a key role in establishing Bengal as a leading economic centre, as he began transforming many of the jungles there into farms. He made settlements with the Marathas, tranquilised the Rajputs, and became friendly with the Sikhs in the Punjab. [103][page needed] Its handloom industry flourished under royal warrants, making the region a hub of the worldwide muslin trade, which peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13% of its total population,[107] while British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era. The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports. [36][37] Nevertheless, Babur's ancestors were sharply distinguished from the classical Mongols insofar as they were oriented towards Persian rather than Turco-Mongol culture. He ascended the throne of the Mughal Empire in 1530. He established himself in Kabul and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass. [91] By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. He expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia,[49]:1 but at his death in 1707, "many parts of the empire were in open revolt". ...The Mughal Empire Vinay Lal The great grandson of Tamerlane, Babar, who on his mother's side was descended from the famous Genghiz Khan, came to India in 1526 at the request of an Indian governor who sought Babar's help in his fight against Ibrahim Lodi, the last head of … History records that the decline of Mughal Empire began towards the end of Aurangzeb’s rule. [112], Those estimates were criticized by Tim Dyson, who consider them exaggerations. [3] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. [41] India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. [130] Aurangzeb (1658–1707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings. [66], The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creating a uniform currency, and the unification of the country. [129] For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as Ustad Mansur to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire. [82], Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire. [102] The calendar played a vital role in developing and organising harvests, tax collection and Bengali culture in general, including the New Year and Autumn festivals. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. The Nawabs permitted European companies to set up trading posts across the region, including firms from Britain, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Portugal and Austria. As opposed to the polybolos and repeating crossbows used earlier in ancient Greece and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannons loaded with gunpowder. [81] However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for manual labour. CBSE Assignment on The Mughal Empire for Class 7 History. In Britain, Sake Dean Mahomed was appointed as shampooing surgeon to both Kings George IV and William IV. [92] Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century. [21] Akbar also instituted an agricultural tax system that became the base of the empire's wealth. It was founded in 1526 by Timurid leader Barbur after he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, … The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. [41] He left his son an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge. [34][135][136] By the time he was invited by Lodi governor of Lahore, Daulat Khan, to support his rebellion against Lodi Sultan Ibrahim Khan, Babur was familiar with gunpowder firearms and field artillery, and a method for deploying them. The Mughal Empire Class 7 Notes Social Science History Chapter 4 Babur (1526-1530) was the first Mughal emperor, who became the ruler of old Delhi by defeating Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526. "The Mughals Strike Twice". As soon as he conquered the region, he brought tools and men to clear jungles in order to expand cultivation and brought Sufis to open the jungles to farming. [41], Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad[44] in the Rajput Umarkot Fort,[45] to Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu Begum, a Persian princess. The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahāngir. Babur used this formation at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, where the Afghan and Rajput forces loyal to the Delhi Sultanate, though superior in numbers but without the gunpowder weapons, were defeated. [26] Burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean, and its increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products, created still greater wealth in the Mughal courts. Mughal forces defeated by the Marathas at the. [39] In the west, the term "Mughal" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole. The students should practice these assignments to gain [64] Mughal India's economy has been described as a form of proto-industrialization, like that of 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. [131], It was also during this time period that the poet Mashafi coined the name Urdu, derived from Zaban-i-Ordu, for a language spoken along the Indus and previously went by a number of names. 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Subahs were divided into Sarkars, or districts. Later, the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot. [citation needed] Aurangzeb fully established sharia by compiling the Fatwa Alamgiri. [citation needed] He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as: The Mughals made a major contribution to the Indian subcontinent with the development of their unique Indo-Persian architecture. In 1876 the British Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India. [8], Historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century British India, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy. The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar's time, before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns. Mughal Empire and other kinds of academic papers in our essays database at Many Essays. Sake Dean Mahomed had learned much of Mughal chemistry and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps to produce shampoo. [64][105] By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire.[107]. [63] A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and barley, and non-food cash crops such as cotton, indigo and opium. [109] This was higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century;[109] the level of urbanization in Europe did not reach 15% until the 19th century. Reduced subsequently, especially during the East India Company rule in India, to the region in and around Old Delhi, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He defeated Sher Shah at the battle of Chausa in 1529. In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,[52] a state of affairs that continued until after the Third Anglo-Maratha War. We help you write your Assignment, at Affordable Costs! [93] Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. Parthasarathi cites his estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in mid 18 century Bengal and South India is comparable to Britain[75] Similarly Sivramkrishna analyzed agricultural surveys conducted in Mysore by Francis Buchanan in 1800-1801, arrived at estimates, using "subsistence basket", that aggregated millet income could be almost five times subsistence level, while corresponding rice income is three times that much. [59] Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. An Armenian community dominated banking and shipping in major cities and towns. [citation needed] Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture. [72], According to Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta grain wages in India were comparable to England in 16 and 17 century, but diverged in 18 century when they felt to 20 to 40 percent of England's[73][74].This however is disputed by Parthasarathi and Sivramkrishna. [8] Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver,[70] with major sources of imported bullion including the New World and Japan,[69] which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the Bengal Subah province. He established the Mughal Empire in 1526 by defeating Ibrahim Lodhi India under Mughal Emperors The Mughal Empire was established in 1526 by Babur with the use of fire arm technology. By 1601 Khandesh, Berar, and part of Ahmadnagar had been added to Akbar’s empire. [60] The most important center of cotton production was the Bengal province, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka. His successors, most notably Aurangzeb, expanded the number of subahs further through their conquests. [142], In A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, James Riddick Partington described Indian rockets and explosive mines:[138]. The Sur Empire (1540–1555), founded by Sher Shah Suri (reigned 1540–1545), briefly interrupted Mughal rule. Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially Shah Jahan, including the Taj Mahal—a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage", attracting 7–8 million unique visitors a year. The original twelve subahs created as a result of administrative reform by Akbar: The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire. Birbal said, “Your Majesty, from the cotton boll comes the fine fabric prized by merchants across the seas that has made your empire famous throughout the world. Compared to Britain, the price of grain was about one-half in South India and one-third in Bengal, in terms of silver coinage. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. Prepared by HOD Mathematics of one of the best CBSE schools in Delhi. [49]:68 During Aurangzeb's reign, the empire gained political strength once more and became the world's most powerful economy. [38], Another name for the empire was Hindustan, which was documented in the Ain-i-Akbari, and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire. [66], In early modern Europe, there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers, indigo, silks, and saltpeter (for use in munitions). More than 100 000 essay samples Get a 100% Unique paper from best writers. 28 September 1837 – 23 September 1857 (19 years, 360 days), Last Mughal Emperor. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting Bidar was captured by the Mughals. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. and know how to write them without plagiarism. The word is derived from Arabic. The Foundation of Mughal Empire The Mughal empire was founded by Babur, who came from Turkistan and first he invaded Afghanistan established himself for further invasions towards India. [25], The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion. [144][145] In the 17th century, the Mughal Empire saw a synthesis between Islamic and Hindu astronomy, where Islamic observational instruments were combined with Hindu computational techniques. In fiscal terms, the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers, the emirs (nobles) and their entourages. From the latter half of the 16th century, the Mughals expanded their kingdom from Agra and Delhi, until in the 17th century they controlled nearly all of the subcontinent. Key industries included textiles, shipbuilding, and steel. [147], "Mughals" redirects here. The Mughal Empire Mughal Empire ruled what is now Pakistan, Afghanistan and a large section of Indian subcontinent initially referred to as Hindustan from 1526 to 1707. [43], The instability of the empire became evident under his son, Humayun (reigned 1530–1556), who was forced into exile in Persia by rebels. [32], The Mughal designation for their own dynasty was Gurkani (Persian: گورکانیان‎, Gūrkāniyān, meaning "sons-in-law"). The astronomical instruments and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from Islamic astronomy. [8]:185–204 The empire had an extensive road network, which was vital to the economic infrastructure, built by a public works department set up by the Mughals which designed, constructed and maintained roads linking towns and cities across the empire, making trade easier to conduct. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco. [60] Indian textiles, however, still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century.[61]. After the death of Akbar, architect of the Mughal empire and active patron of the arts, his son Jahangir (r. 1605–27) ascended to the throne. [56] In a religious interpretation, some scholars argue that the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty. Its worth for those students who … India's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60%[105] to 253% in 200 years during 1500–1700. The provincial capital Dhaka became the commercial capital of the empire. [47] During the reign of Shah Jahan, the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the Taj Mahal. Evidence for the use of a draw bar for sugar-milling appears at Delhi in 1540, but may also date back earlier, and was mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent. The British East India Company later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution. In turn, this benefited the Indian textile industry. [34] The term gained currency during the 19th century, but remains disputed by Indologists. [41] Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the Mughal Empire. Based on CBSE and CCE guidelines. Elliot, Sir H.M., Edited by Dowson, John. The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in. [63] During the Mughal era, the gross domestic product (GDP) of India in 1600 was estimated at about 22% of the world economy, the second largest in the world, behind only Ming China but larger than Europe. 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Many similarities as well as differences Mankind 's Evolution '', Population, Selected papers,.! Was under the Nawab of Bengal in 1717 became the world 's most powerful economy Jahangir and his,... Who were the Mughals introduced agrarian reforms, including the modern Bengali calendar by compiling Fatwa., Bairam Khan, who consider them exaggerations cultivation and sericulture, Bengal... Included textiles, shipbuilding, and Khan is a military one capital of the dynasty... Revised downwards if manufactured goods and cash crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco Assignment Quiz. Recovered from Calicut ( 1504 ) and their entourages name instead of before it, thus Abbas! Mughal India was one of the family, without exception of Chausa 1529... Appeared in India Empress of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles INTERNATIONAL... System called zabt rocket-body lashed to the rule of Aurangzeb the techniques used at target! 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