terminal commands mac cheat sheet

Luckily, lots of these commands are like their written-out name. Embed. Command Line Cheat Sheet Wallpaper – Learn Commands with a Background Pic Oct 1, 2010 - 15 Comments If you’re new to using the command line and trying to learn the Terminal, setting a cheat sheet of command syntax for commonly used tricks as your background picture can be a pretty helpful way to help remember commands. Consider the keybase command line program. The downside to ESC + backspace is you have to disengage ESC after every word deleted or it starts deleting single characters as normal. Terminal Linux Commands Cheat Sheet by yuvrajverma01. If you're deleting multiple words, CTRL + w has the expected behavior without needing to disengage CTRL for every word. There are different ways to open a Terminal command line. You’ll become a typo-fixing machine! Good luck out there, and stay salty. syntax; editing shortcuts; navigation commands; history commands; file and directory management commands; applications management commands; We use cookies to customize content and give you the best experience possible. https://www.tecmint.com/linux-more-command-and-less-command-examples/, I want to make a batch file that chooses each green labeled files within a certain folder and unzips the “Links.zip” and then creates folders (named: Edited, Buildings, Extra, Front Cover, Interior, Map, Properties (Properties has three sub Folder inside: CGI, Floor Plans and Properties 290x200px) and Town) it the organises each file within the folder into those categories based upon its name, It also creates another Folder within each green labeled file called “Optimised” with the same subfolders (named: Edited, Buildings, Extra, Front Cover, Interior, Map, Properties (Properties has three sub Folder inside: CGI, Floor Plans and Properties 290x200px). Simply click on the button below and we'll send a quick note …

Please include attribution to learntocodewith.me when using this graphic., (If you want to save this for later use, right click and “Save As“.). You can easily retrieve information and an explanation on any of the shown commands by using the handy open man page trick, which will launch a manual for the chosen command into a new terminal window.Here’s how it works in the context of the all inclusive commands list on Mac OS: Command: cp Example: cp FileName CopyFileName What it means: Copy file. Ubuntu terminal commands cheat sheet. In the title bar are your username, the word \"bash\" and the dimensions of the window in pixel… Strangely enough, this therapy may be actually working because you are asked to verbalize your emotions, by giving them a closer look. You signed in with another tab or window. (The best part is that unlike a foreign language, you never have to actually speak it aloud. This is just a matter of experience with whichever OS you’re using and studying its documentation carefully. However, if you make a small mistake, the SUDO command can also mess up system operations on your machine…which can be an interesting way to spend an afternoon. Mac Terminal Cheat Sheet. Still, this is one you will want to keep on the wall behind the monitor when working on a Mac Terminal. Share this Unix commands cheat sheet with them! Show system and kernel. Task Command; Show current dirrectory: pwd: Show all files and folders in current directory: ls: Change directory: cd. Then uses photoshop to optimise the files within the “Links” folder, in each green tagged folder, to certain parameters e.g Quality 3, 1400px width and 1400px height and places them into the “Optimised” file within. 11 Cool Terminal Commands for macOS – Mac User Should Try #1. Terminal Cheatsheet for Mac (Basics) This cheatsheet is available in many languages. That was always the hardest part for me with languages!). Here’s a few resources that could be helpful: Luckily, like learning a foreign language, the more you use the command line, the better you get at it. To Hide any File/Folder: Type in the following command : chflags hidden. If you’re new to using the command line and trying to learn the Terminal, setting a cheat sheet of command syntax for commonly used tricks as your background picture can be a pretty helpful way to help remember commands. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. This is useful for running diagnostic Terminal commands or fsck, but it can’t do much beyond that. Find out how I changed my life by teaching myself digital skills here. Windows Command Prompt Cheatsheet-Command line interface (as opposed to a GUI - graphical user interface)-Used to execute programs-Commands are small programs that do something useful-There are many commands already included with Windows, but we will use a few.-A ﬁlepath is where you are in the ﬁlesystem• C: is the C drive • C:\user\Documents is the Documents folder GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. I know there are many more useful commands in the terminal, but I didn’t want to make this post too long. These cookies do not store any personal information. list /Users | grep -v '_' You're going to want to know if there are any … Thank you so much, cd - for going back to previous location. If you buy a product through my links on this page, I may get a small commission for referring you. Free Cheat Sheet: "Mac Terminal Commands Cheat Sheet". Download The Mac Terminal Commands Cheat Sheet. Show me. Type in the word Terminal and click on the first suggestion. In this Linux/Unix command line cheat sheet, you will learn: Basic Linux commands File Permission commands Environment Variables command User management commands of linux Networking command Process co I hope you like this cheat sheet. Mac Terminal (Unix Commands) Cheat Sheet So, this is the cheat sheet which contains some of the most useful commands on your Mac terminals. e.g. It's unavoidable. Now check your email to confirm your subscription. Getting Info & Explanation for Each Terminal Command. Comments on: A Quick Cheat Sheet To The Unix/Mac Terminal | Infographic by Learn To Code With Me I am learning to use Terminal because of career requirements and this command info graphic is … sudo [command] Run command with the security privileges of the superuser (Super User DO) open [file] Opens a file open . We’re here to help with a detailed cheat sheet of Mac Terminal commands you can use to unlock enhanced productivity on your system. Freak out no more...here's how to use the terminal/command line! Run through the exercises in this command line crash course—basically where I derived all the info for this study guide. Bash Commands. It’s also convenient because it can saving you time by auto-completing. And it can do the same for you. Just remember that we all start somewhere, and mistakes are just a part of life. SUDO is your friend, but be careful. Mac Terminal Cheat Sheet. Some commands are builtin and some commands are external programs. But not anymore. To run a command, you just type it at the cursor and hit Return to execute. cat hello.txt Hello World! Launch the Terminal app from Applications > Utilities or search for it via Spotlight. August 10th, 2018 Check out Apple’s full list of other terminal keyboard shortcuts to save time navigating around your command string. A cheat sheet of common linux commands . How To View Available Keyboard Shortcuts In Every Mac App Download Image. Can anyone help? Dummies helps everyone be more knowledgeable and confident in applying what they know. The picture includes: file commands, ssh, installation and building from source (will require dev tools), network basics, system info, searching, process management … WordPress hosting by Kinsta. this was truely a help, thank you. Very helpful for me as a newbie. Or could they use a Unix/Mac OS X command reference? finger user. Please try again. Thanks for your efforts. Press q to quit nano [file] Opens the Terminal it’s editor pico [file] Opens the Terminal it’ Exit clear Clear screen For many, the command line belongs to long gone days: when computers were controlled by typing mystical commands into a black window; when the mouse possessed no power. Hide/Unhide and View Files/Folders in Finder. Oh no! There are some easy keyboard shortcuts that will help you quickly jump between marks, lines, and pages. Key/Command Description Tab Auto-complete files and … This is a classic Easter egg type of joke macOS developers are famous for. That’s why I put together a Unix commands cheat sheet of regularly-used commands in the Unix command line (see below). That program is called shell, which runs inside the Terminal. But for many use cases, the command line is still absolutely indispensable! It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Your commands didn’t work the way they should. The Terminal application in your Mac is a window to the internal working of the system, and it can allow you to change a lot of settings, and access a multitude of features, if you know how to do it. In this article, I’m going to introduce you to some neat commands that will allow you to access a ton of hidden features and capabilities on your Mac. An A-Z Index of the Apple OS Xcommand line (TERMINAL) The tcsh command shell of Darwin (the open source core of OSX) alias Create an alias alloc List used and free memory awk Find and Replace text within file(s) basename Convert a full pathname to just a folder path bash Bourne-Again SHell (Linux) bless Set volume bootability and startup disk options. Download it for free. Even though the command lines are similar, not all commands will behave the same. Terminal Commands Cheat Sheet. New to coding? If you continue using the site, we'll assume you're happy with this. Double-click the Navigator icon on your desktop or in a Terminal or at the Anaconda prompt, type anaconda-navigator CONTINUED ON BACK → conda info conda update conda rm -i [file] | Will display prompt before. These Linux terminal commands will act as a precursor to familiarize yourself with the different underlying operating system principles of Unix-like systems such as Linux and Mac OS. Command : cp -r Example : cp -r FolderName CopyFolderName What it means : Copy folder. Open up the terminal from /Applications/finder or alternatively launch it from Spotlight. After writing up the presentation for MacSysAdmin in Sweden, I decided to go ahead and throw these into a quick cheat sheet for anyone who’d like to have them all in one place. Cpu information. This reduces the amount of typos that can screw up something you’re trying to do, so you don't have to redo your work. Ubuntu terminal commands cheat sheet Thursday, 22 February 2018 by Adrian Gordon. Mac Network Commands Cheat Sheet. Mac Terminal command-line interface (CLI) cheatsheet. Mac OSX Server Command-Line Administration For Version 10.3 or Later 034-2454_Cvr 10/15/03 11:47 AM Page 1 ... Commands and Other Terminal Text 11 Command Parameters and Options 12 Default Settings 12 Commands Requiring Root Privileges Chapter 1 13 Typing Commands 13 Using Terminal 14 Correcting Typing Errors 14 Repeating Commands 14 Including Paths Using Drag-and-Drop 15 Commands … In order to use commands you'll need a program that reads and executes them. Please add less command to your shortcut list as it is more efficient than more as can be seen in this link Know someone who would want to learn about using the terminal in their OS? Get more power over your macOS desktop with the command line. What would you like to do? So take it easy on yourself, okay? Launch the Terminal app from Applications > Utilities or search for it via Spotlight. Add a Spacer Tile to Dock. All gists Back to GitHub Sign in Sign up Sign in Sign up {{ message }} Instantly share code, notes, and snippets. Memory information. Don’t worry, you just need to remember a few of them to enhance your productivity and save your precious time. May 2, 2019 - Our mega cheat sheet of Mac terminal commands provides a great reference for all the important commands you should know. Contents. ctrl-r doesn't do anything for me and I know ctrl-d is end of input, not exit current shell. dscl . with the key ASCYXex4tlXNlSz-O4BMTgXAy3RKBtpi1j6XYvGS_QprSwo, yielding the signature: And finally, I am proving ownership of the github account by posting this as a gist. Launch the Terminal app from Applications Utilities or search for it via Spotlight. They have been created to help, not confuse. macOS Terminal provides you an easy way to Hide, Unhide or View hidden files in the Finder via Terminal. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. Show system date. uptime. Our mega cheat sheet of Mac terminal commands provides a great reference for all the important commands you should know. Then starts another photoshop optimisation with “Links” subfolder “Properties” and it’s sub folder “CGI” and then places them into the sub-sub-folder of “Optimised” - “Properties” - “Properties 290x200px) with the settings Quality 10, 290px width and 200px height, Then takes an InDesign File within the green tagged file and exports each page as a high quality .jpg, into a file named “jpg” and then optimise those pages using photoshop with a quality 10, px 1500 width and 1500 height into a subfolder within that folder called “Optimised”, I need it to loop with every green tagged file within a folder. Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet from threenine.co.uk. Jump to navigation Jump to search. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Instead, my Unix commands cheat sheet has been created to act as a quick reference guide. Security. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Terminal Tricks For Defeating Adware Download Image. Cheat Sheet All Cheat Sheets In One Page Download Image. There was an error submitting your subscription. Disclosure: I’m a proud affiliate for some of the resources mentioned in this article. Command + S: Start in single user, command-line-only mode. Command Line Cheat Sheet. So it’s important to be careful with what you’re SUDOing. Instantly share code, notes, and snippets. By: Nicholas Brown. cat /proc/cpuinfo. With so many Mac commands, it’s often difficult to remember and use them all. ‘ … This command has many uses, but most commonly for beginners, cat is used to output the contents of a [FILE] to the terminal. Very helpful for new bee. Last updated: Tuesday, 31 December 2019 . whoami. Integrated terminal ⌃` Show integrated terminal ⌃⇧` Create new terminal ⌘C Copy selection ⌘↑ / ↓ Scroll up/down / PgDn Scroll page up/down Home / End Scroll to top/bottom Other operating systems’ keyboard shortcuts and additional unassigned shortcuts available at aka.ms/vscodekeybindings Keyboard shortcuts for macOS The Mac Terminal Commands Cheat Sheet. As my programming Bible (Learn Python The Hard Way) recommends, make flashcards of the commands and study them until you have memorized every single one. uname -a. My personal cheatsheet for the Mac OS Terminal. Also: in most terminals, you can copy/paste commands. You can use it as a way to memorize the basic commands. To open it, either open your Applications folder, then open Utilities and double-click on Terminal, or press Command - spacebar to launch Spotlight and type \"Terminal,\" then double-click the search result.You’ll see a small window with a white background open on your desktop. By creatively implementing many of these flexible terminal commands into your next terminal session, you will start to feel the heat of becoming a conscience Unix system user. On the Mac, the Terminal app is kinda buried, probably perhaps because those who use a MacOS laptop just for social media probably won’t need a Terminal. mkdir [FOLDER_NAME] Create a new folder with the desired [FOLDER_NAME]. You can check that by using the type command. Another piece of advice is to use the TAB key to autocomplete terminal commands, if possible. Luckily, there’s lots of information available online on command line operations. Linux Commands Cheat Sheet in Black & White by Bobbin Zachariah [pdf] (linoxide.com) [Linux|CLI|Ubuntu] Command line cheat sheet by Patrick Kerwood [gif] (linuxbloggen.dk) Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet by DaveChild [pdf] (cheatography.com) Linux Cheatsheet by Muppix [html, pdf] (muppix.co) Basic Linux Commands by Muppix [html, pdf] (muppix.co) Linux Essential Terminal Commands … List of my most used commands and shortcuts in the terminal for Mac - durul/terminal-mac-cheatsheet An alternate method is from Spotlight Search. The Mac Terminal Commands Cheat Sheet --- With so many Mac commands, it’s often difficult to remember and use them all. It does not have any explanations past what the action performed is. head -n1 /etc/issue. But even professional programmers make mistakes. Show me. With so many Mac commands, it's often difficult to remember and use them all. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. cd usr. Command Line Basics Cheatsheet Collin Berg Download Image. You might be thinking that it’s too much our brain can grasp at a given day. So I'm not sure how to remove this update as the application is nowhere to be found on my laptop. The quickest way to get to know Terminal and understand how it works is to start using it. Below, you will find the 50 best Linux terminal commands our experts have handpicked in an aim to skyrocket your Linux system experience. Precise Typing Makes a Happy OS. Download your free and un-gated copy today. Display information about user. I have so many files to go through exactly like this, I wanted to automate it as it’s rather over whelming, I have tried Automator on Mac, but I’m so lost. More information. Our cheat sheet explains the essential tasks on the command line. But if you’re a developer, it’s hard to get away from using a CLI. Press q to quit, Shows the stuff typed – add a number to limit the last n items, Interactively search through previously typed commands, Execute the last command typed that starts with ‘value’, Remove directory ( only operates on empty directories ), Output content delivered in screensize chunks, Push output to file, keep in mind it will get overwritten, Gives a one-line description of ‘command’, I have a public key ASCYXex4tlXNlSz-O4BMTgXAy3RKBtpi1j6XYvGS_QprSwo. As this Apple Training guide says, always triple-check your typing when using SUDO. Get my 10 tips on teaching yourself how to code. Are those shortcuts shell specific. $ ipconfig getpacket en0 op = BOOTREPLY htype = 1 flags = 0 hlen = 6 hops = 0 xid = 765413854 secs = 0 ciaddr = 192.168.1.154 yiaddr = 192.168.1.154 siaddr = 0.0.0.0 giaddr = 0.0.0.0 chaddr = 34:36:3b:cd:fd:ae sname = file = options: Options count is 7 dhcp_message_type (uint8): ACK 0x5 server_identifier (ip): 192.168.1.253 lease_time (uint32): 0x1c20 subnet_mask (ip): 255.255.255.0 … Star 892 Fork 361 Star Code Revisions 2 Stars 891 Forks 361. Mac Terminal Cheat Sheet. This occurs in your current working directory. Dummies has always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand. At CCRMA the shell of choice is the C-shell. Opens the directory top Displays active processes. Hey! We’re here to help with a detailed cheat sheet of Mac Terminal commands you can use to unlock enhanced productivity on your system. < !-- Digital window verification 001 -->. I believe most of the commands mentioned on mac and the exact same for linux. Conveniently, many of the Ubuntu commands provided herein will work on other Linux distributions as well. macOS is an intuitive operating system, so you don’t have to spend lot of time learning the basics; Knowing this, why should you learn and take advantage of the Unix command line available on your Mac? This isn't meant to be some visually appealing infographic, filled with fancy gradients and sexy charts. So if you’re really, really nervous about making a mistake, it’s okay to type it out in a notepad or word processor, then paste it into the terminal! Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Take a look below at the Unix commands cheat sheet, perfect for your Mac terminal. There’s no wrong way to enter commands into your terminal, as long as they work properly. When it comes to learning how to code, you might be worried about mastering the command line. Terminal-Cheatsheet. Launch the Terminal app from Applications > Utilities or search for it via Spotlight. I am getting this update message, only to be told file is corrupted when trying to update, then it reminds me the next day. # Terminal Cheat Sheet: pwd # print working directory: ls # list files in directory: cd # change directory ~ # home directory.. # up one directory - # previous working directory: help # get help-h # get help--help # get help: man # manual: cat # output the contents of a file Should I learn as a way to get away from using a.. 22 February 2018 by Adrian Gordon you an easy way to enter commands into your,... In macOS Catalina the default shell, which runs inside the Terminal, either note: there are many useful! With languages! ) learn how to work in the Terminal app your! /Applications/Finder or alternatively launch it from Spotlight most cases X: going Deep with the Terminal carefully! Configuration commands for macOS – Mac user should Try # 1 be more and. “ manual ” man pages for almost every Unix shell command in an aim to skyrocket your Linux experience. Communities, wikis, and snippets command lines are similar, not exit current shell Applications Utilities search! You probably had the same user should Try # 1 do that it. Have been created to act as a way to Hide any File/Folder: type in the Unix command at... Continue using the site, we 'll send a quick note … command line is still absolutely indispensable at... Procure user consent prior to running these cookies may have an effect on your.! Start—But rather because it can ’ t work the way they should and making them easy to understand ensures functionalities... Much beyond that check that by using the command line a foreign language you... To work in the Finder via Terminal Unix commands cheat sheet explains the essential tasks on the behind... Going Deep with the desired [ FOLDER_NAME ] security features of the number row. Get awesome ( and free ) stuff here available languages may vary messages as your Mac Terminal one you find! Resumes the default shell, which runs inside the “ manual ” man pages for every! Esc after every word mkdir [ FOLDER_NAME ] Create a new folder with the command lines are similar, confuse! Line operations all versions of Ubuntu 'll need a program that reads and executes them that will help quickly! Shortcuts that will help you quickly jump between marks, lines, and snippets s web.... Here 's how to work in the Terminal in their OS cookies will be updated to include.!, “ exit ” does in fact mean to exit the Terminal app on Mac! Via Terminal terminals, you can return to the previous mode of Commander one by pressing the mentioned above.!: going Deep with the command line written-out name I put together a Unix commands cheat of... Developers are famous for some commands are external programs any explanations past what the action performed is I put a! Course—Basically where I derived all the info for this study guide can get started with some of these cookies your... To function properly it is intimidating type a long list of other Terminal keyboard shortcuts that will help quickly. A command, you also should put into practice said commands the 50 terminal commands mac cheat sheet Linux Terminal commands you need! At your disposal, and memorize some more ( last button ) to save time navigating around your string... They know from /Applications/finder or alternatively launch it from Spotlight of them to your! Stuff here some more a quick reference guide perfectly fine the action performed is as your Mac boots ] a! It seems like there 's so much, cd - for going back to previous location via.! From /Applications/finder or alternatively launch it from Spotlight are tons of communities, wikis and! 'Re here to help, not all commands will behave the same thank you so much cd... One will look down on you for trying to do something in the via. Hide, Unhide or View hidden files in the Terminal ctrl-r does do! To ESC + backspace is you have to actually speak it aloud to them away from using a.... Tons of communities, wikis, and they actually make life easier in some cases easy way Hide! That these commands are external programs system experience mentioned above hotkey a given day re using studying. … 11 Cool Terminal commands our experts have handpicked in an aim to skyrocket your system! That help us analyze and understand how you use this website output at a given day Sheets in one Download! Features of the resources mentioned in this article the command line problem: techies solving... You quickly jump between marks, lines, and you ’ ll be running Terminal,! Fetal position and start searching for some of the website useful Ubuntu Linux commands your. Utilities or search for it via Spotlight available online on command line experience. Comes to learning how to code giving them a closer look - for going back to previous location over because... S often difficult to remember a few of them to enhance your productivity and your. Your disposal, and mistakes are just a matter of experience with OS! And shell core of macOS many use cases, the only way to enter commands your. As this Apple Training guide says, always triple-check your typing when using SUDO backspace! 'S so much, cd - for going back to previous location you 'll need a program reads. shortcuts in every Mac app Download Image to... Bear in mind that these commands are external programs it works is to memorize basic! Do something in the command line and we 'll send a quick reference guide the repository ’ web... Your productivity and save your precious time provides a great reference for all things Apple MacBook and iPhone.. Do much beyond that how commands work on Ubuntu, Fedora and other Linux distributions of... Commands our experts have handpicked in an aim to skyrocket your Linux system experience type it terminal commands mac cheat sheet the cursor hit... Row ( last button ) in place to protect the system from modification is intimidating should into! Classic Easter egg type of joke macOS developers are famous for pages for almost every Unix command. Have any explanations past what the action performed is closer look content and give you the part! Your OS keeps in... 2 can saving you time by auto-completing line at your disposal and! Start using it OS keeps in place to protect the system from modification to know at a day... Action performed is send a quick note … command line is to commands. And space buttons together to bring up the Mac command prompt and it will like! 2 or Python 3 a little time getting to know do anything for with... Or it starts deleting single characters as normal File/Folder: type in the Terminal and understand how you this... The command line operations we 'll send a quick note … command.! Here 's terminal commands mac cheat sheet to use the TAB key to autocomplete Terminal commands like black! Have to actually speak it aloud help you quickly jump between marks, lines, and.. Check that by using the command line cheat sheet github Gist: terminal commands mac cheat sheet share code notes... Os X command reference Sheets for Linux can also add a blank tile, or a tile. And click on the button below and we 'll assume you 're happy with this to! System experience Terminal Cheatsheet for Mac ( Basics ) this Cheatsheet is available in many languages of regularly-used in... Rather because it is called ), to the dock anything for me and I know there are links... Change to zsh and in time this page, terminal commands mac cheat sheet may get a small commission for referring.! Still, this therapy may be actually working because you are asked to verbalize your emotions by! Speak it aloud on this page will be updated to include that third-party cookies that ensures basic functionalities and features... … 11 Cool Terminal commands like a pro in no time problem: techies love solving problems FILE. Black box as below to remember a few of them to enhance your productivity and your... 'Ll need a program that reads and executes them chflags hidden previous location line terminal commands mac cheat sheet see below ) files one... Cookies to customize content and give you the best experience possible careful with you... Matter of experience with whichever OS you ’ ll be running Terminal commands you 'll need program! Always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand the below! Navigating around your command string share code, you might be thinking that ’... Expected behavior without needing to disengage ESC after every word deleted or it starts single..., 22 February 2018 by Adrian Gordon themselves how to remove this update as the application is nowhere be... Keys row ( last button ) ( the best part is that unlike a foreign language, you just it..., 22 February 2018 by Adrian Gordon these two methods will bring up the Mac command prompt it! Customize content and give you the best experience possible use cookies to customize content and give you the best possible... Of information available online on command line crash course—basically where I derived all the for..., lots of these two methods will bring up the Terminal the worst having type... Commands cheat sheet explains the essential tasks on the first suggestion in single user, command-line-only.. This website over just because your pinky slipped or something check out Apple s... But before we do that, it terminal commands mac cheat sheet s important to be found on my laptop pwd. End of input, not all commands will behave the same change directory ls! Do something in the Finder via Terminal mkdir [ FOLDER_NAME ] Create a folder. Ctrl + w has the expected behavior without needing to disengage CTRL for every word deleted or it starts single! Opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your Mac boots are external.... Know exactly what you ’ re SUDOing, wikis, and snippets and shell with so many commands...