Equine influenza (EI) virus was first identified in horses in 1956, in Prague. Careers. Subtype H3N8 is distributed worldwide and has been responsible for all recent outbreaks. During 2011–2012, an outbreak of EIV Florida clade 1 began in Chile and spread to multiple countries in South America (4) through the movement of horses in the rodeo and thoroughbred racing industries. 1989 Oct;172(2):601-8 In 2003, an outbreak of EIV closely related to the Kentucky sublineage occurred in regularly vaccinated thoroughbred horses in England (47). Equine influenza virus (EIV) is an influenza A virus belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family. Central Asia, Australia, and Japan experienced large equine influenza virus (EIV) outbreaks in 2007 (1,2). This disease is caused by two viral subtypes of influenza A virus, H7N7 and H3N8, which belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family. A similar study in Mongolia found only 4.8% of people tested had elevated EIV antibodies, all at low titer levels that could be explained by cross-reactivity with seasonal human influenza virus infection or vaccine (39). Most of these limitations of the current vaccines are being addressed by research on novel approaches to vaccine development and delivery that are described in many of the chapters in this volume. The first one described was an H7N7 (equine-1 or equine A-1) in 1957. Equine Influenza Virus—A Neglected, Reemergent Disease Threat. Heather Sullivan. ABSTRACT: The global equine industry provides significant economic contributions worldwide, producing approximately USD $300 billion annually. Retrospective Analysis of the Equine Influenza Virus A/Equine/Kirgizia/26/1974 (H7N7) Isolated in Central Asia By Altynay Karamendina Phylogenetic analysis of the five internal genes and evolutionary pathways of the Greek H3N8 equine influenza virus Orthomyxovirus A/equine-2 … doi: 10.1128/JVI.00259-18. In addition, some avian influenza virus strains persist in water and remain infectious for >2 months (44), implying water also is a potential source of transmission for EIV. Horses 1–5 yr old are the most susceptible to infection. Equine influenza virus (EIV) (H3N8 and H7N7) is the causative agent of equine influenza, or equine flu. -, Virology. A strain of influenza discovered in a camel in Mongolia was directly related to a circulating equine H3N8 strain, but horizontal spread in camels could not be determined (30). Epub 2008 May 23. Overview of Equine Influenza Viruses . Epub 2013 Nov 20. Historical records provide a glimpse into a likely association between human and equine respiratory disease, but their reliability is limited by the lack of diagnostic testing. In addition, equids are at risk from infection with avian influenza viruses, which can increase mortality rates. The viruses responsible are subtype H7N7, which is believed extinct, and H3N8, which circulates worldwide. The H3N8 subtype is further broken down into sublineages, with the Florida sublineage currently circulating. Clades 1 and 2 of this sublineage circulate in Europe. Clade 1 commonly circulates in North America (Figure 1). The H3N8 strain of equine influenza is not known to infect humans. Mutations in the mouse-adapted virus mapped to one amino acid change in the PA protein, one in PB2 and two in PB1. Equine influenza is a common, highly contagious respiratory disease of equids with a near-global distribution. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Preventive measures should include international surveillance and investigation of vaccine failure (8). Nowadays influenza vaccines are produced using eggs. Equine influenza viruses (EIVs) of the H3N8 and H7N7 subtypes are the causative agents of an important disease of horses. Ring vaccination, however, is credited for stopping the spread and reducing risk for EIV infection so normal equine activities could be resumed (49). Equine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory infection, although it is rarely fatal. 929 - … You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. CAS Article Google Scholar 4. The equine-1 (H7N7) influenza virus possesses the most characteristic molecular feature of the high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, i.e. Introduction. Med. Med. Two subtypes, H7N7 and H3N8, historically have infected horses. This outbreak helped redefine how antigenic drift reduces the efficacy of EIV vaccinations (47). Currently, the H7N7 subtype is A large‐scale outbreak caused by equine influenza virus of the H3N8 subtype has occurred in each decade since an H3N8 was first isolated from horses … John Root. Epub 2016 Aug 8. Influenza A viruses causing equine influenza are H7N7 (A/equine/1) and H3N8 (A/equine/2). EIV-like equine respiratory diseases have been recorded since the 13th century (9). The infection is caused by two subtypes of influenza A viruses, H7N7 and H3N8. Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs. Virology. Several prototypes of the virus have been isolated in during 1956 to 1989 including influenza A/equine/Prague/1/56 (H7N7), influenza A/equine/Miami/ 1/63 … This volume offers an overview of the processes of zoonotic viral emergence, the intricacies of host/virus interactions, and the role of biological transitions and modifying factors. However, the equine H7N7 viruses are thought to be extinct as no H7N7 viruses have been isolated since 1979 (Webster, 1993). A massive 1872 outbreak is considered the largest recorded EIV epizootic (12). FOIA Project Description. Although authorities considered the risk for infection low for feral horses, they considered risk to domestic horses from infected feral horses high (24). Characterization of a new avian-like influenza A virus from horses in China. Whilst equine flu is now endemic within the horse population, the virus strains continually mutate and therefore epidemics or outbreaks of disease can be seen. The Takhi herd of wild horses in China also experienced an illness rate near 100% and a 5% mortality rate (23) during that outbreak. Humans are also a potential host for EIV. Subtype H3N8 is distributed worldwide and has been responsible for all recent outbreaks. Banbura MW, Kawaoka Y, Thomas TL, Webster RG. There are many different strains of the flu virus but the most common ones seen in this country are H7N7 and H3N8. Organized by body systems, the book allows for picture matching during or after an equine necropsy. Persistence of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses in water. Belser JA, Szretter KJ, Katz JM, Tumpey TM. To understand the molecular mechanism by which influenza A viruses adapt to a new animal species, the molecular changes involved in the adaptation of an H7N7 equine influenza A virus were studied in mice. This book presents the state of art in the field of microbial zoonoses and sapronoses. … The book then looks at the drug, vaccine and bioinformatical strategies that can be used against these viruses, giving the reader a clear understanding of transmission. How well is this virus spread? A mild human influenza was reported in people working with horses during the 1872 outbreak, but it is not known whether this was an EIV infection or human virus infection (3). Serological evidence for the presence of A/equine-1 influenza virus in unvaccinated horses in Croatia. Horse shows and races have been recognized mechanisms of increased dispersal and spread of EIV since a 1963 EIV outbreak across the continental United States linked to infected horses imported by air from Argentina into Florida (45). In the early 2000s, a canine H3N8 influenza of equine origin was discovered in the United States, where it continues to circulate with high transmission rates in dog shelters (25). Joseph U, Su YC, Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJ. Hemagglutination inhibition assays were performed as described … Equine influenza is highly contagious and spreads rapidly among naive horses. Gray), Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (G.C. Influenza A/H3N8 or equine-2 was subsequently reported and 49 … Equine influenza is highly contagious and spreads rapidly among naive horses. Mutations in the mouse-adapted virus mapped to one amino acid change in the PA protein, one in … Prerequisites for the acquisition of mammalian pathogenicity by influenza A virus with a prototypic avian PB2 gene. 2005 Oct;79(19):12401-7. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.19.12401-12407.2005. Because EIV H7N7 has not been isolated since the late 1970s and the Eurasian strain of H3N8 has not been seen since 2007, [8,11] OIE suggests omitting these from … The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3-5 million cases of severe influenza worldwide will result in 250,000-500,000 deaths annually. Equine Influenza Virus—A Neglected, Reemergent Disease Threat. H7N7 equine influenza virus strains may be removed from currently licensed products without prejudice, and firms are encouraged to remove them. The equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major pathogen of respiratory diseases in horses, donkeys and mules. 5D43TW009373, G.C.G., principal investigator). In equines, two subtypes of virus viz. Epidemics of acute respiratory disease in horses have been reported for several centuries, 36, 88 but it was only in 1956 during a widespread epidemic among horses in eastern Europe that the first isolate of equine influenza virus was recovered. Students in public health, biomedical professionals, clinicians, public health practitioners, and decisions-makers will find valuable information in this book that is relevant to the control and prevention of neglected and emerging ... Sci. Yavarian J, Shafiei Jandaghi NZ, Naseri M, Mokhtari Azad T. Jundishapur J Microbiol. Message not sent. -, Nature. The workshop summary, The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? addresses these urgent concerns. Whilst equine flu is now endemic within the horse population, the virus strains continually mutate and therefore epidemics or outbreaks of disease can be seen. 10 Since 1979, all outbreaks of equine influenza (EI) for which virus has been isolated have been caused by the H3N8 subtype. Main subtypes of influenza A that cause horse flu are H7N7 and H3N8. The Geographical Distribution of Animal Viral Diseases attempts to shed some light on the global distribution of 110 different viral diseases, mainly of livestock and companion animals. Since about 1980, the … Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address: Gregory C. Gray, Duke Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710, USA. The equine influenza disease is a highly contagious respiratory pathology which affects horses, donkeys and mules, among other equines. Equine influenza outbreaks may also occur sporadically in … In addition, many horses certified as vaccinated against EIV had no protective antibodies, suggesting poor immune response, lack of vaccination compliance, or ineffective vaccines (20). Equine influenza sub-types are H7N7, which is thought to be extinct, and the current H3N8, which is spread widely throughout the world. The Directigen Flu A B immunoassay (Beck-ton Dickinson) was used for the detection of AIV antigen (22). Equine influenza virus (EIV) (an influenza A virus) subtypes H3N8 and H7N7 cause similar clinical signs of acute respiratory disease in horses (Equus caballus), donkeys (Equus asinus) and mules (Equus mulus). Accessibility Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Before reaching its goal of 80%–90% EIV vaccination rates in high-risk areas, Australia saw a decline in new cases likely related to adoption of movement restrictions and biosecurity protocols (49). 2010). STUDY. Equine influenza A(H3N8) virus isolated from Bactrian camel, Mongolia. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine EIVs are believed to have originated from avian influenza strains. Outbreaks of EIV infections in horses occurred globally throughout the 2000s. Isolation and genetic characterization of H3N8 equine influenza virus from donkeys in China. Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infection T. Chambers, D. Horohov Department of Veterinary Sciences . , 74 ( 2012 ) , pp. Equine influenza is an acute, contagious respiratory disease. H7N7 (Equine 1), which was prevalent in the UK between 1963-1977 H3N8 (Equine 2), or the European strains, have been circulating since 1965. Equine Influenza Virus—A Neglected, Reemergent Disease Threat. Download PDF. Horses 1–5 yr old are the most susceptible to infection. Discrepant results were observed in the authors' laboratories when using kaolin treatment before testing equine sera for antibodies against equine influenza virus (EIV) subtype-1 (H7N7). Starting in Toronto in late September 1872, EIV spread along shipping routes across the United States and eventually into Central America and the Caribbean, stopping in Panama, which had no equine population to support EIV spread (12). Virology. Reassortants with equine 1 (H7N7) influenza virus hemagglutinin in an avian influenza virus genetic background are pathogenic in chickens. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Despite the possibility that these illnesses were caused by pathogens other than EIVs (3), a review of records for 1688–1888 identified 56 years with documented outbreaks of influenza-like human or equine diseases in the Western Hemisphere (3). It was found that the PB2-E627K substitution in this equine virus contributed to increased viral protein expression and virus replication in mouse cells and enhanced brain invasiveness in mice. The primary focus of EIV prevention has been on domestic horses, but EIV is transmissible to all equids, including feral and wild herds, such as Przewalski’s horses. Equine influenza occurs globally, previously caused by … H7N7 avian influenza viruses can cross-species (birds, pigs, seals, and horses) and transmit to humans. Equine Influenza Virus, AAEP . Found inside – Page 161For a while, both subtypes continued to cause outbreaks of equine influenza in the world, without A/equi 2 (H3N8) ... H7N7 subtype has disappeared almost entirely in the US and Europe, but it continues to circulate at low levels in ... However, the H7N7 sub-type has not been isolated from horses for over 20 years … Seroprevalence of equine influenza virus in northeast and southern Mexico. John Root. Comprehensive and timely, Avian Influenza Virus equips diagnosticians and researchers with the current tools and information they need to learn more about this high impact disease. Would you like email updates of new search results? A Single Amino Acid in the Polymerase Acidic Protein Determines the Pathogenicity of Influenza B Viruses. 1991 Sep;184(1):469-71. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90872-9. de Wit E, Munster VJ, Spronken MI, Bestebroer TM, Baas C, Beyer WE, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Protection of mice against lethal infection with highly pathogenic H7N7 influenza A virus by using a recombinant low-pathogenicity vaccine strain. The United States recently experienced considerable EIV activity where the virus was detected in 23 states in 2015, 16 states in 2016, and 22 states in 2017 (8,17). Discrepant results were observed in the authors' laboratories when using kaolin treatment before testing equine sera for antibodies against equine influenza virus (EIV) subtype-1 (H7N7). Horses are susceptible to infection by two subtypes of equine influenza viruses (EIV): H7N7 and H3N8 [1–7].H7N7 subtype EIV was identified in Prague in 1956 with the designated prototype virus of A/equine/Prague/1956. EIV can result in a secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia, which can be fatal, particularly in young horses (6). Historical review suggests the 1889 human influenza pandemic might have been of equine origin, with equids playing the role that swine play in modern outbreaks (12). CDC twenty four seven. However, a study in Iowa using new serologic assays found that people regularly exposed to horses were more likely to have elevated antibodies against EIV than people not exposed to horses in the previous 10 years (40). Proposals for … A single probable horse-to-human EIV transmission case was observed in Chile during 1973, but the human’s influenza virus was not typed (41). Experimental infection in man and horses with influenza A viruses. A review of evidence that equine influenza viruses are zoonotic. 8600 Rockville Pike As the number of horses transported by air for breeding or racing increases, so does the probability of future EIV outbreaks among horses (15). There may be presently no proof of circulation of the unique H7N7 pressure of the virus worldwide; nonetheless, the EIV H3N8 pressure, first remoted within the early Nineteen Sixties, stays a serious menace to a lot of the world’s horse … Highly pathogenic strains … More effective vaccines are needed, especially considering the role failed vaccination potentially played in the 2007 outbreak in Australia (20). We review the history and epidemiology of EIV infections, describe neglected aspects of EIV surveillance, and discuss the potential for novel EIV strains to cause substantial disease burden and subsequent economic distress. Specific aim 1: Comparison of … What causes equine influenza? Currently, no OIE reference laboratory for equine influenza exists outside of Europe or North America, but OIE anticipates that twinning will help a laboratory in Asia meet the necessary requirements, develop a regional network, and provide diagnostic support to neighboring countries. The pathology of bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young foals associated with the first outbreak of equine influenza in Australia. The equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major pathogen of respiratory diseases in horses, donkeys and mules. Human responses to experimental infection with influenza A/Equi 2 virus. Newspaper and veterinary reports from the time indicate travel, mail, and delivery of goods were severely hampered in the United States for weeks after the outbreak (12,14). Seroprevalence of equine influenza virus in northeast and southern Mexico. Amino acid substitutions V63I or A37S/I61T/V63I/V100A in the PA N-terminal domain increase the virulence of H7N7 influenza A virus. The viruses responsible are subtype H7N7, which is believed extinct, and H3N8, which circulates worldwide. This presumed outbreak of EIV also was blamed in part for a costly fire in Boston because fire wagons, pulled by young men instead of horses, could not reach the fire promptly (12,14). But are these, in fact, entirely new agents, or mutated forms of "old" viruses that have evolved along with us for eons? Edgar Hope-Simpson could not have written this book at a more opportune moment. -, Virology. Equine influenza (EI), caused by an orthomyxovirus (equine influenza virus - EIV), is considered the most economically important infectious respiratory disease of horses (Timoney 1996).This is due to the contagious nature of the virus and its potential to disrupt equestrian events. Serious outbreaks of EIV have occurred throughout history, causing substantial economic distress worldwide in the 19th and 20th centuries (3). 8600 Rockville Pike However, the close relationship between this EIV and avian H3N8 strains of the time (31,32) raises concerns that novel, highly virulent avian influenza viruses might adapt to horses and cause severe future mortality rates. The authors surmised that a virus resembling the 1963 EIV strain infected humans during 1896–1900 (36). Both subtypes have caused disease. This volume not only provides state-of-the-art information on the biology of influenza viruses and on influenza vaccines, but is also designed to be a resource to face the present H1N1 pandemic and to plan for long-term global and ... Equine influenza is a highly contagious virus with the potential to cause global harm. Equine influenza viruses (EIVs) are responsible for two third of viral respiratory infections in horses [ 1] and the disease is characterized by pyrexia, anorexia, depression, dyspnea, dry hacking cough, serous nasal discharge and secondary bacterial pneumonia [ 2 ].
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